Nucleophilic reagents are electron rich species,s they behave as Lewis bases. They attack at electron deficient area and in case of the same nucleophilic site, nucleophilicity parallels basicity that is as well as a city increases nucleophilicity also increases.

Carbocations are the product of hydrolysis and contain a carbon bearing positive charge, these are electron deficient species. Carbocations contain 6 electrons in their valence shell, these are also planner chemical species with sp² hybridization and an Empty p-orbital.

In a singlet carbon, the carbon atom is sp² hybridized, the unhybridized orbitals contain no electrons and a hybridized orbital contains two electrons. Singlet carbene has a brain structure and is less stable than a triplet carbine.

Inductive effect is a permanent effect and it propagates through carbon chain atoms or group having greater electron affinity than hydrogen, are said to have electronic track thing or negative inductive effect and vice versa. Inductive effect is just like shifting of shared pair of electrons in polar covalent molecules.

Electromeric effect is defined as the polarity produced in a multiple bonded compounds as a reagent approaches it in the presence of attacking agent, the 2 π electrons are completely transferred to any one of them and this effect is temporary. It is positive electromeric effect to when the displacement of electron pair is away from the atom or group and vice versa.